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This article introduces common SPSS validity-analysis methods, including exploratory factor analysis, principal component analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. It explains how to interpret the KMO test and factor loadings to help readers understand validity assessment in data analysis.

Using SPSS for reliability analysis.

Use Python to assign 0 to blank cells with one script.

SPSS descriptive statistics: including single-choice questions, multiple-choice questions, and crosstabs.

Study notes on Net Promoter Score (NPS), introducing what the metric means, where it is used, and the basic way to understand it.

An introduction to the author and this small digital site, recording the starting point for learning, code, notes, and personal expression.